This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
This 1st presentation in the training "Introduction to linux for bioinformatics" gives an introduction to Linux, and the concepts by which Linux operates.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
A beginners guide to get familiar with the Linux and learn the most commonly and frequently used commands. Most of the commands are expected to run across all well known Linux distributions. Plus, there are a few commands for the advanced users as well.
This 1st presentation in the training "Introduction to linux for bioinformatics" gives an introduction to Linux, and the concepts by which Linux operates.
Linux directory structure by jitu mistryJITU MISTRY
in this ppt there are talkin about the Linux directory structure. special focus on the why we have such type of directory and that is explain slide by slide
A beginners guide to get familiar with the Linux and learn the most commonly and frequently used commands. Most of the commands are expected to run across all well known Linux distributions. Plus, there are a few commands for the advanced users as well.
Part 1 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': IntroductionJoachim Jacob
This is part 1 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We explain in very general terms what Linux is and stands for, and how we can get access to it. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
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This is part 4 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We shows basics of data management, and tips for handling big data effectively. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
The structure of Linux - Introduction to Linux for bioinformaticsBITS
This 3th slide deck of the training 'Introduction to linux for bioinformatics' gives a broad overview of the file system structure of linux. We very gently introducte the command line in this presentation.
Part 1 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': IntroductionJoachim Jacob
This is part 1 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We explain in very general terms what Linux is and stands for, and how we can get access to it. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
Part 4 of 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics': Managing data Joachim Jacob
This is part 4 of the training session 'Introduction to Linux for bioinformatics'. We shows basics of data management, and tips for handling big data effectively. Interested in following this training session? Please contact me at http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
The structure of Linux - Introduction to Linux for bioinformaticsBITS
This 3th slide deck of the training 'Introduction to linux for bioinformatics' gives a broad overview of the file system structure of linux. We very gently introducte the command line in this presentation.
Get Started with Linux Management Command line Basic KnowledgeDavid Clark
Get Started with Linux Management Command line Basic Knowledge provide us a very basic command line course and how to manage resource in Linux server. After go through this document you can manage almost basic linux server without too much time.
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- Know the environment
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In February, 2016 I had the privilege of working with employees of STARR Computers on a course to orient them to Linux. The course was delivered over a series of 90-120 minute sessions. It was designed so that
This is a compilation of the slides which were used. There were some other resources which were shared. There were practice exercises which were designed to reinforce some concepts.
Check http://churchroadman.blogspot.com/2016/04/basic-orientation-to-linux-course.html for some other details.
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI certifies foundational skills and knowledge of Linux. With Linux being the central operating system for much of the world’s IT infrastructure, Linux+ is an essential credential for individuals working in IT, especially those on the path of a Web and software development career. With CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI certification, you’ll acquire the fundamental skills and knowledge you need to successfully configure, manage and troubleshoot Linux systems. Recommended experience for this certification includes CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience. No prerequisites required.
This Slide was presented as an introduction to Linux . Students with little experience in free operating systems were encouraged to take up Linux based operating systems.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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4. Demo
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Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
beginner.en.print
1. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
> Linux Reviews >
Beginners: Learn Linux
v0.99.3 (en), xiando
A beginners guide to Linux for those with little or no computer experience.
1. What is Linux?
2. Understanding files and folders
3. Understanding users and permissions
4. Who and what is root
5. Opening a command shell / terminal
6. Your first Linux commands
♦ 6.1. ls - short for list
♦ 6.2. pwd - print name of current/working directory
♦ 6.3. cd - Change directory
7. The basic commands
♦ 7.1. chmod - Make a file executable
♦ 7.2. df - view filesystem disk space usage
♦ 7.3. du - View the space used by files and folders
♦ 7.4. mkdir - makes folders
♦ 7.5. passwd - changes your login password
◊ 7.5.1. KDE
♦ 7.6. rm - delete files and folders, short for remove
♦ 7.7. ln - make symbolic links
♦ 7.8. tar archiving utility - tar.bz2 and tar.gz
◊ 7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz)
◊ 7.8.2. bzip2 files (.tar.bz2)
1. What is Linux?
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system for computer devices. The operating system is what makes the
hardware work together with the software. The OS is the interface that allows you to do the things you want
with your computer. Linux is freely available to everyone. OS X and Windows are other widely used OS.
1. What is Linux? 1
2. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Linux gives you a graphical interface that makes it easy to use your computer, yet it still allows those with
know-how to change settings by adjusting 0 to 1.
It is only the kernel that is named Linux, the rest of the OS are GNU tools. A package with the kernel and the
needed tools make up a Linux distribution. Mandrake , SUSE Linux, Gentoo and Redhat are some of
the many variants. GNU/Linux OS can be used on a large number of boxes, including i386+ , Alpha,
PowerPC and Sparc.
2. Understanding files and folders
Linux is made with one thought in mind: Everything is a file.
A blank piece of paper is called a file in the world of computers. You can use this piece of paper to write a
text or make a drawing. Your text or drawing is called information. A computer file is another way of storing
your information.
If you make many drawings then you will eventually want to sort them in different piles or make some other
system that allows you to easily locate a given drawing. Computers use folders to sort your files in a hieratic
system.
A file is an element of data storage in a file system (file systems manual page). Files are usually stored on
harddrives, cdroms and other media, but may also be information stored in RAM or links to devices.
To organize our files into a system we use folders. The lowest possible folder is root / where you will find the
user homes called /home/.
/
/home/
/home/mom/
/home/dad/
2. Understanding files and folders 2
3. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Behind every configurable option there is a simple human-readable text file you can hand-edit to suit your
needs. These days most programs come with nice GUI (graphical user interface) like Mandrakes Control
Center and Suses YAST that can smoothly guide you through most configuration. Those who choose can gain
full control of their system by manually adjusting the configuration files from foo=yes to foo=no in an editor.
Almost everything you do on a computer involves one or more files stored locally or on a network.
Your filesystems lowest folder root / contains the following folders:
/bin Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
/boot Static files of the boot loader, only used at system startup
/dev Device files, links to your hardware devices like /dev/sound, /dev/input/js0 (joystick)
/etc Host-specific system configuration
/home User home directories. This is where you save your personal files
/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
/mnt Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem like /mnt/cdrom
/opt Add-on application software packages
/usr is the second major section of the filesystem. /usr is shareable, read-only data. That means that
/usr /usr should be shareable between various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any
information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored elsewhere.
/var contains variable data files. This includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging
/var
data, and transient and temporary files.
/proc System information stored in memory mirrored as files.
The only folder a normal user needs to use is /home/you/ - this is where you will be keeping all your
documents.
/home/elvis/Documents
/home/elvis/Music
/home/elvis/Music/60s
Files are case sensitive, "myfile" and "MyFile" are two different files.
For more details, check out:
3. Understanding users and permissions
Linux is based on the idea that everyone using a system has their own username and password.
Every file belongs to a user and a group, and has a set of given attributes (read, write and executable) for
users, groups and all (everybody).
A file or folder can have permissions that only allows the user it belongs to to read and write to it, allowing
3. Understanding users and permissions 3
4. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
the group it belongs to to read it and at the same time all other users can't even read the file.
4. Who and what is root
Linux has one special user called root (this is the user name). Root is the "system administrator" and has
access to all files and folders. This special user has the right to do anything.
You should never log on as this user unless you actually need to do something that requires it!
Use su - to temporary become root and do the things you need, again: never log into your sytem as root!
Root is only for system maintenance, this is not a regular user (LindowsOS don't have any user management
at all and uses root for everything, this is a very bad idea!).
You can execute a command as root with:
su -c 'command done as root'
Gentoo Linux: Note that on Gentoo Linux only users that are member of the wheel group are allowed to su to
root.
5. Opening a command shell / terminal
To learn Linux, you need to learn the shell command line in a terminal emulator.
In KDE: K -> System -> Konsoll to get a command shell)
Pressing CTRL-ALT-F1 to CTRL-ALT-F6 gives you the console command shell windows, while
CTRL-ALT-F7 gives you XFree86 (the graphical interface).
xterm (manual page) is the standard XFree console installed on all boxes, run it with xterm (press ALT F2 in
KDE and Gnome to run commands).
Terminals you probably have installed:
• xterm http://dickey.his.com/xterm/
• konsole (KDEs terminal)
• gnome-terminal (Gnomes terminal)
Non-standard terminals should install:
• rxvt http://www.rxvt.org/
• aterm http://aterm.sourceforge.net
5. Opening a command shell / terminal 4
5. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
6. Your first Linux commands
Now you should have managed to open a terminal shell and are ready to try your first Linux commands.
Simply ask the computer to do the tasks you want it to using it's language and press the enter key (the big one
with an arrow). You can add a & after the command to make it run in the background (your terminal will be
available while the job is done). It can be practical to do things like moving big divx movies as a background
process: cp movie.avi /pub &. Jobs - the basics of job control
6.1. ls - short for list
ls lists the files in the current working folder. This is probably the first command to try out. It as a number of
options described on the ls manpage.
Examples:
ls
ls -al --color=yes
6.2. pwd - print name of current/working directory
pwd prints the fully resolved name of the current (working) directory. pwd manpage.
6.3. cd - Change directory
cd stands for change (working) directory and that's what it does. The folder below you (unless you are in /,
where there is no lower directory) is called "..".
To go one folder down:
cd ..
Change into the folder Documents in your current working directory:
cd Documents
Change into a folder somewhere else:
cd /pub/video
The / in front of pub means that the folder pub is located in the / (lowest folder).
6. Your first Linux commands 5
6. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
7. The basic commands
7.1. chmod - Make a file executable
To make a file executable and runnable by any user:
chmod a+x myfile
Refer to the chmod manual page for more information.
7.2. df - view filesystem disk space usage
df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3 73G 67G 2.2G 97% /
tmpfs 2.0M 24K 2.0M 2% /mnt/.init.d
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
The flags: -h, --human-readable Appends a size letter such as M for megabytes to each size.
df manpage
7.3. du - View the space used by files and folders
Use du (Disk Usage) to view how much space files and folders occupy. Read the du manual page for flags
and usage.
du is a part of fileutils.
Example du usage:
du -sh Documents/
409M Documents
7.4. mkdir - makes folders
Folders are created with the command mkdir:
mkdir folder
To make a long path, use mkdir -p :
mkdir -p /use/one/command/to/make/a/long/path/
7. The basic commands 6
7. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Like most programs mkdir supports -v (verbose). Practical when used in scripts.
You can make multiple folders in bash and other shells with {folder1,folder2} :
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
mkdir manual page
The command rmdir removes folders.
7.5. passwd - changes your login password
To change your password in Linux, type:
passwd
The root user can change the password of any user by running passwd with the user name as argument:
passwd jonny
will change jonnys password. Running passwd without arguments as root changes the root password.
If you need to add several new users and give them password you can use a handy program like Another
Password Generator to generate a large set of "random" passwords.
7.5.1. KDE
From KDE you can change your password by going:
• K -> Settings -> Change Password
• K -> Settings -> Control Center -> System Administration -> User Account
7.6. rm - delete files and folders, short for remove
Files are deleted with the command rm:
rm /home/you/youfile.txt
To delete folders, use rm together with -f (Do not prompt for confirmation) and -r (Recursively remove
directory trees):
rm -rf /home/you/foo/
Like most programs rm supports -v (verbose).
rm manual page
7.4. mkdir - makes folders 7
8. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
7.7. ln - make symbolic links
A symbolic link is a "file" pointing to another file.
To make a symbolic link :
ln /original/file /new/link
This makes /original/file and /new/link the same file - edit one and the other will change. The file will not be
gone until both /original/file and /new/link are deleted.
You can only do this with files. For folders, you must make a "soft" link.
To make a soft symbolic link :
ln -s /original/file /new/link
Example:
ln -s /usr/src/linux-2.4.20 /usr/src/linux
Note that -s makes an "empty" file pointing to the original file/folder. So if you delete the folder a symlink
points to, you will be stuck with a dead symlink (just rm it).
ln manual page
7.8. tar archiving utility - tar.bz2 and tar.gz
tar (manual page) is a very handle little program to store files and folders in archives, originally made for
tapestreamer backups. Tar is usually used together with gzip (manual page) or bzip2 (manual page),
comprepssion programs that make your .tar archive a much smaller .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 archive.
kde
You can use the program ark (K -> Utilities -> Ark) to handle archives in KDE. Konqueror treats file
archives like normal folders, simply click on the archive to open it. The archive becomes a virtual folder that
can be used to open, add or remove files just as if you were working with a normal folder.
7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz)
To untar files:
tar xvzf file.tar.gz
To tar files:
tar cvzf file.tar.gz filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...
7.7. ln - make symbolic links 8
9. Beginners: Learn Linux (Linux Reviews)
Note: A .tgz file is the same as a .tar.gz file. Both are also often refered to as tarballs.
The flags: z is for gzip, v is for verbose, c is for create, x is for extract, f is for file (default is to use a tape
device).
7.8.2. bzip2 files (.tar.bz2)
To unpack files:
tar xjvf file.tar.bz2
To pack files:
tar cvjf file.tar.bz2 filedir1 filedir2 filedir2...
The flags: Same as above, but with j for for bzip2
You can also use bunzip2 file.tar.bz2 , will turn it into a tar.
For older versions of tar, try tar -xjvf or -xYvf or -xkvf to unpack.There's a few other options it could be, they
couldn't decide which switch to use for bzip2 for a while.
How to untar an entire directory full or archives?
.tar:
for i in `ls *.tar`; do tar xvf $i; done
.tar.gz: for i in `ls *.tar.gz`; do tar xvfz $i; done
.tar.bz2: for i in `ls *.tar.bz2`; do tar xvfj $i; done
Copyright (c) 2000-2004 Øyvind Sæther. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
License".
> Linux Reviews >
Beginners: Learn Linux
7.8.1. tar files (.tar.gz) 9